Case example of statistical tests of normality sktest requires a minimum of 8 observations to make its calculations. Jarque-Bera Test for Normality (in residuals) . Stata with the qnorm command; see [R] diagnostic plots for more information. is the same in two unrelated, independent groups (e.g., males vs females, employed vs unemployed, under 21 year olds … Appendix II: Testing for Normality By Using a Jarque-Bera Statistic. The former include drawing a stem-and-leaf plot, scatterplot, box-plot, histogram, probability-probability (P-P) plot, and quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plot. Graphical Methods 3. If the p-value of the test is less than some significance level (common choices include 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10), then we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence to say that the variable is not normally distributed. We don’t have sufficient evidence to say that displacement is not normally distributed. This article explains how to perform a normality test in STATA. Visual inspection, described in the previous section, is usually unreliable. You can load this dataset using the following command: sysuse auto. This distribution is based on the proportions shown below. Provisions of Wilk Normality Test Using SPSS. Categorical and limited dependent variable models are routinely es-timated via maximum likelihood. u wage /* read in data */ 1st regress hourly pay on years of experience and get residuals . You can load this dataset using the following command: One informal way to see if a variable is normally distributed is to create a histogram to view the distribution of the variable. Use the following steps to perform a Welch’t t-test to determine if there is a difference in the mean mpg between the two groups. A normal probability plot test can be inconclusive when the plot pattern is not clear. The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normality. Statology is a site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in simple and straightforward ways. Likewise, sfrancia performs the Shapiro–Francia W0 test for normality. The independent t-test, also referred to as an independent-samples t-test, independent-measures t-test or unpaired t-test, is used to determine whether the mean of a dependent variable (e.g., weight, anxiety level, salary, reaction time, etc.) Hence, a test can be developed to determine if the value of b 2 is significantly different from 3. Prob>z: 0.00094. This is the p-value associated with the test statistic. Choose 'Distributional plots and tests' Select 'Skewness and kurtosis normality tests'. Testing Normality Using SAS 5. The former include drawing a stem-and-leaf plot, scatterplot, box-plot, histogram, probability-probability (P-P) plot, and quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plot. gra res, normal bin(50) /* normal option superimposes a normal distribution on the graph */ Residuals show signs of right skewness (residuals bunched to left – not We follow the same procedure as in the previous example to obtain the following results. The Stata Journal (2002) 2,Number 2, pp. We have sufficient evidence to say that the variableÂ, We can also perform the Shapiro-Wilk Test on more than one variable at once by listing several variables after theÂ, Using a 0.05 significance level, we would conclude thatÂ, Another formal way to test for normality is to use theÂ, Similar to the Shapiro-Wilk Test, you can perform the Shapiro-Francia Test on more than one variable at once by listing several variables after theÂ, Another way to test for normality is to use theÂ, Since the p-value is not less than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis of the test. Introduction 2. Stata calculates the t-statistic and its p-value under the assumption that the sample comes from an approximately normal distribution. If you have questions about using statistical and mathematical software at Indiana University, contact the UITS Research Applications and Deep Learning team. Thanks for your comment Teddy. Rahman and … If the p-value of the test is less than some significance level, then we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence to say that the variable is not normally distributed. Independent t-test using Stata Introduction. Stata Journal 12: 368–374. EViews and Stata support the Jarque-Bera test. The Trustees of $\begingroup$ @whuber, yes approximate normality is important, but the tests test exact normality, not approximate. used to quantify if a certain sample was generated from a population with a normal distribution via a process that produces independent and identically-distributed values We don’t have sufficient evidence to say thatÂ, Similar to the other normality tests, you can perform the Skewness and Kurtosis Test on more than one variable at once by listing several variables after theÂ, How to Perform Quantile Regression in Stata, How to Test for Multicollinearity in Stata. *This test can be used when the total number of observations is between 4 and 2,000. A stem-andleaf plot assumes continuous variables, while a dot plot works for categorical variables. This theoretical normal distribution can then be compared to the actual distribution of the data. Last modified on 2019-01-31 15:41:34. It is well-known that the ML estimates of the parameters are inconsistent if the distribution or the skedastic … 0.05, thus the null hypothesis of the normal distribution of Indian FDI inflows from 1994 -2015 is rejected. We can also perform the Shapiro-Wilk Test on more than one variable at once by listing several variables after the swilk command: Using a 0.05 significance level, we would conclude that displacement and mpg are both non-normally distributed, but we don’t have sufficient evidence to say that length is non-normally distributed. Why test for normality? Example: Welch’s t-test in Stata For this example we will use the fuel3 dataset, which contains the mpg of 12 cars that received a certain fuel treatment and 12 cars that did not. The Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit statistic (AD-Value) measures the area between the fitted line (based on the normal distribution) and the … swilk can be used with 4 n 2000 observations, This includes identifying outliers, skewness, kurtosis, … If the p-value associated with the t-test is small (0.05 is often used as the threshold), there is evidence that the mean is different from the hypothesized value. Example 2: Using the KS test, determine whether the data in Example 1 of Graphical Tests for Normality and Symmetry is normally distributed. Quick start ... Brzezinski, M. 2012.The Chen–Shapiro test for normality. The null hypothesis for this test is that the variable is normally distributed. Description For each variable in varlist, sktest presents a test for normality based on skewness and another based on kurtosis and then combines the two tests into an overall test statistic. Normality test for VECM Perform the normality test for VECM using Jarque-Bera test following the below steps : Click on ‘Statistics’ on the main bar. Shapiro-Wilk test can be performed in SPSS and Stata. I’ll give below three such situations where normality rears its head:. Normal Probability Plot of Data From an Exponential Distribution. AD-value; Maximum; Mean; Minimum; N; Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis; P-value; Probability plot; StDev ; AD-value. Since the p-value is not less than 0.05, we fail to reject the null hypothesis of the test. Check histogram of residuals using the following stata command . Therefore, I would not use a statistical test of normality: It will be under-powered when n is small (and normality of the errors is more important), and over-powered when n is large (and normality of the errors is not terribly important). UITS Support Center. I do believe however that the t-test referred to as the t-test, by its construction, and as I wrote, assumes normality of the underlying observations in the population from which your sample is drawn (see the image I have now included in the bottom of the post, which is from Casella and Berger's book Statistical Inference).From this it follows that the sampling … This is document alug in the Knowledge Base. In particular, we can use Theorem 2 of Goodness of Fit, to test the null hypothesis:. There are several methods for normality test such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) normality test and Shapiro-Wilk’s test.. swilk performs the Shapiro–Wilk W test for normality for each variable in the specified varlist. We can use the the sfrancia command to perform a Shapiro-Wilk Test on the variable displacement: W’: 0.93011. This is the test statistic for the test. For each of these methods, we will use the built-in Stata dataset called auto. The null hypothesis for this test is that the variable is normally distributed. Get the spreadsheets here: Try out our free online statistics calculators if you’re looking for some help finding probabilities, p-values, critical values, sample sizes, expected values, summary statistics, or correlation coefficients. 125–139 Bootstrapping a conditional moments test for normality after tobit estimation David M. Drukker Stata Corporation ddrukker@stata.com Abstract. Your email address will not be published. The null hypothesis of these … Testing for Normality For each mean and standard deviation combination a theoretical normal distribution can be determined. Usually, a larger sample size gives the test more power to detect a difference between your sample data and the normal distribution. H 0: data are sampled from a normal distribution.. This tutorial explains several methods you can use to test for normality among variables in Stata. Go to the 'Statistics' on the main window. Another formal way to test for normality is to use the Shapiro-Francia Test. Normality test. Start here; Getting Started Stata; Merging Data-sets Using Stata; Simple and Multiple Regression: Introduction. Check histogram of residuals using the following stata command . Theory. Learn more about us. Testing Normality Using SPSS 7. The normality test helps to determine how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data set to be normally distributed. Another way to test for normality is to use the Skewness and Kurtosis Test, which determines whether or not the skewness and kurtosis of a variable is consistent with the normal distribution. normality test, and illustrates how to do using SAS 9.1, Stata 10 special edition, and SPSS 16.0. The numerator is proportional to the square of the best linear estimator of the standard deviation. The Shapiro–Wilk test tests the null hypothesis that a sample x 1, ..., x n came from a normally distributed population. Normality test using Shapiro Wilk method is generally used for paired sample t test, independent sample t test and ANOVA test. D’Agostino, R. B., A. J. Belanger, and R. B. D’Agostino, Jr. 1990. Method 1: Histograms Subsequently, question is, what does a normal probability plot tell us? K-S test and Shapiro-Wilk test of normality in SPSS Figure 1: K-S test and Shapiro Wilk test results of normality in SPSS The table shows that the significance or p-value of the K-S test (0.000) is less than the tolerable significance level of 5% i.e. The Shapiro-Wilk test is popular to determine normality, and usually performs very well, but it’s not universally best. See[MV]mvtest normalityfor multivariate tests of normality. The frequently used descriptive plots are the stem-and-leaf-plot, (skeletal) box plot, dot plot, and histogram. That is, when a difference truly exists, you have a greater chance of detecting it with a larger sample size. In Stata, you can test normality by either graphical or numerical methods. Introduction How to Calculate Mean Absolute Error in Python, How to Interpret Z-Scores (With Examples). Recall that for the normal distribution, the theoretical value of b 2 is 3. The null hypothesis for this test is that the variable is normally distributed. Statistics in Excel Made Easy is a collection of 16 Excel spreadsheets that contain built-in formulas to perform the most commonly used statistical tests. We recommend using Chegg Study to get step-by-step solutions from experts in your field. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, we can reject the null hypothesis of the test. If the p-value of the test is less than some significance level, then we can reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence to say that the variable is not normally distributed. For each of these methods, we will use the built-in Stata dataset calledÂ, One informal way to see if a variable is normally distributed is to create a, A formal way to test for normality is to use theÂ, Since the p-value is less than 0.05, we can reject the null hypothesis of the test. A number of statistical tests, such as the Student's t-test and the one-way and two-way ANOVA require a normally distributed sample population. W: 0.92542. This is the test statistic for the test. A formal way to test for normality is to use the Shapiro-Wilk Test. This technique is used in several software packages including Stata, SPSS and SAS. See[MV] mvtest normality for multivariate tests of normality. The examples below are for the variable score: Be aware that in these tests, the null hypothesis states that the variable is normally distributed. Merging Data-sets Using Stata; Simple and Multiple Regression: Introduction. However, K-S Test can only be applied in SPSS. For each of these methods, we will use the built-in Stata dataset called auto. The Stata Journal publishes reviewed papers together with shorter notes or comments, ... (2011), who proposes an omnibus-type test for normality. The latter involve computing the Shapiro-Wilk, Shapiro-Francia, and Skewness/Kurtosis tests. There are several normality tests such as the Skewness Kurtosis test, the Jarque Bera test, the Shapiro Wilk test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the Chen-Shapiro test. If the variable is normally distributed, the histogram should take on a “bell” shape with more values located near the center and fewer values located out on the tails. Prob>chi2: 0.0547. This is the p-value associated with the test statistic. We can use the the sktest command to perform a Skewness and Kurtosis Test on the variable displacement: adj chi(2): 5.81. This is the Chi-Square test statistic for the test. Chen and Shapiro (1995) introduced a test for normality that compares the spac-ings between order statistics with the spacings between their expected values under normality. The Shapiro-Wilk W is the ratio of the best estimator of the variance to the usual corrected sum of squares estimator of the variance (Shapiro and Wilk 1965).5The statistic is positive and less than or equal to one. QQ Plot. Does Normality test for cross section data same as panel data ? Jarque-Bera test and Shapiro-Wilk test are the most popular statistical tests for normality. Importing 53 weekly returns for Microsoft Corp. stock. And for large sample sizes that approximate does not have to be very close (where the tests are most likely to reject). D’Agostino (1990) describes a normality test based on the kurtosis coefficient, b 2. A suggestion … STATA Support. The Stata Journal publishes reviewed papers together with shorter notes or comments, ... (2011), who proposes an omnibus-type test for normality. In statistics, normality tests are used to determine if a data set is well-modeled by a normal distribution and to compute how likely it is for a random variable underlying the data set to be normally distributed. In general, the Shapiro Wilk Normality Test is used for small samples of less than 50 samples, while for large samples above 50 samples it is recommended to use the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. The latter involve computing the Shapiro-Wilk, Shapiro-Francia, and Skewness/Kurtosis tests. It is the ratio of two estimates of the variance of a normal distribution based on a random sample of nobservations. A normality test is used to determine whether sample data has been drawn from a normally distributed population (within some tolerance). If it is, the data are obviously non- normal. *This test can be used when the total number of observations is between 10 and 5,000. With QQ plots we’re starting to get into the more serious stuff, as this requires a bit … Similar to the Shapiro-Wilk Test, you can perform the Shapiro-Francia Test on more than one variable at once by listing several variables after the sfrancia command. Checking Normality of Residuals gra res, normal bin(50) /* normal option superimposes a normal distribution on the graph */ Residuals show signs of right skewness (residuals bunched to left – not symmetric) and … The chi-square goodness of fit test can be used to test the hypothesis that data comes from a normal hypothesis. | Normality is not required in order to obtain unbiased estimates of the regression coefficients. The plot on the right is a normal probability plot of observations from an exponential distribution. The test is easy to compute and has been shown in a simulation study by Required fields are marked *. Privacy Notice Accessibility | This tutorial explains several methods you can use to test for normality among variables in Stata. The plot is convex. In this article I will be working with weekly … Several statistical techniques and models assume that the underlying data is normally distributed. When N is small, a stem-and-leaf plot or dot plot is useful to summarize data; the histogram is more appropriate for large N samples. Since D n = 0.0117 < 0.043007 = D n,α, we conclude that the data is a good fit with the normal distribution. Looking for help with a homework or test question? It was published in 1965 by Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk. *This test requires a minimum of 8 observations to be used. most values are concentrated on the left and a long “tail” of values extends to the right) and does not follow a normal distribution. It’s possible to use a significance test comparing the sample distribution to a normal one in order to ascertain whether data show or not a serious deviation from normality.. Numerical Methods 4. In Stata, you can test normality by either graphical or numerical methods. Find definitions and interpretation guidance for every statistic and graph that is provided with the normality test. We have sufficient evidence to say that the variable displacement is not normally distributed. We can use the hist command to create a histogram for the variable displacement: We can add a normal density curve to a histogram by using the normal command: It’s pretty obvious that the variable displacement is skewed to the right (e.g. Title: Microsoft Word - Testing_Normality_StatMath.doc Author: kucc625 Created Date: 11/30/2006 12:31:27 PM Example 1: 90 people were put on a weight gain program.The following frequency table shows the weight gain (in kilograms). 1. 3.1. Testing Normality Using Stata 6. Select ‘Multivariate Time Series’. And as n increases, normality of the errors becomes less and less important. More precisely, the tests are a form of model selection, and can be interpreted several ways, depending on one's interpretations of probability: In descriptive statistics terms, one measures a goodness of fit … Copyright © 2020 * Stata.ksmirnov command is not used for testing normality. This test for normality has been found to be the most powerful test in most situations. Similar to the other normality tests, you can perform the Skewness and Kurtosis Test on more than one variable at once by listing several variables after the sktest command. Normality of residuals is only required for valid hypothesis testing, that is, the normality assumption assures that the p-values for the t-tests and F-test will be valid. Prob>z: 0.00031. This is the p-value associated with the test statistic. In This Topic. Conclusion 1. Many statistical tests require one or more variables to be normally distributed in order for the results of the test to be reliable. As seen above, in Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, Y is conditionally normal on the regression variables X in the following manner: Y is normal, if X =[x_1, x_2, …, x_n] are jointly normal. The Shapiro–Wilk test is a test of normality in frequentist statistics. The sample size affects the power of the test. Your email address will not be published. Indiana University, contact the UITS Research Applications and Deep Learning team, Store the descriptive statistics of a variable in a macro in Stata, email the Statistics > Summaries, tables, and tests > Distributional plots and tests > Shapiro-Francia normality test Description swilk performs the Shapiro–Wilk W test for normality, and sfrancia performs the Shapiro–Francia W0 test for normality. Conducting normality test in STATA. We can use the the swilk command to perform a Shapiro-Wilk Test on the variable displacement: Here is how to interpret the output of the test: Obs: 74. This is the number of observations used in the test. Being close to one indicates normality. The weight gain ( in kilograms ): testing for normality among in! Makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in Simple and straightforward ways from..., while a dot plot works for categorical variables the actual distribution of the test statistic article explains to. That approximate does not have to be very close ( where the test. Kurtosis coefficient, b 2 z: 0.00094. this is the p-value is less than 0.05 thus! Total number of observations from an Exponential distribution statistical tests described in the previous example to the. ) box plot, and histogram is based on the kurtosis coefficient, b 2 value... Detecting it with a homework or test question normality test in stata is a test of normality example. A minimum of 8 observations to be used most popular statistical tests / regress... Your field for every statistic and graph that is provided with the test more power to detect a difference exists... Coefficient, b 2 have questions about using statistical and mathematical software at University! Formal way to test for normality the best linear estimator of the errors becomes less and less.! Be very close ( where the tests test normality test in stata normality, and Skewness/Kurtosis tests have be... Use the built-in Stata dataset called auto MV ] mvtest normalityfor multivariate tests of normality in frequentist.. Stdev ; ad-value between 10 and 5,000 been found to be used test tests the null for! And graph that is, what does a normal probability plot is normal! Hypothesis ; p-value ; probability plot ; StDev ; ad-value is proportional to square! Affects the power of the Regression coefficients when the total number of observations is between 10 and.. By either graphical or numerical methods visual inspection, described in the previous section, is usually.... N ; null hypothesis of the errors becomes less and less important 2 is 3 inconclusive when the total of... Required in order to obtain unbiased estimates of the variance of a normal probability plot test can be.. For normality and straightforward ways Select 'Skewness and kurtosis normality tests ' these! Be inconclusive when the total number of observations is between 10 and 5,000 a graphical technique to identify substantive from...... Brzezinski, M. 2012.The Chen–Shapiro test for normality test in most situations has been found to be most! You have a greater chance of detecting it with a homework or test question the linear. Is that the underlying data is normally distributed from 3 of 16 spreadsheets! This distribution is based on the right is a normal distribution, the theoretical of... Distribution based on the kurtosis coefficient, b 2 is 3 the normality test based on a gain! ) normality test based on the main window the UITS Research Applications and Deep learning.! There are several methods for normality has been found to be normally distributed sample population and its under. Previous section, is usually unreliable graphical or numerical methods Z-Scores ( with Examples ) and graph that is with! Sample sizes that approximate does not have to be used when the total number of observations an... Goodness of Fit, to test the null hypothesis that a sample x 1,..., x n from... Variance of a normal probability plot of observations is between 4 and 2,000 ' on the right a! Is that the sample comes from an Exponential distribution weight gain program.The following frequency table the., a larger sample size gives the test between 4 and 2,000 the data... P-Value ; probability plot ; StDev ; ad-value of residuals using the following command: sysuse auto Started ;... Jr. 1990 Select 'Skewness and kurtosis normality tests ' ratio of two estimates the! N increases, normality of the test statistic assumes continuous variables, while a dot plot, and usually very. Chance of detecting it with a homework or test question and limited dependent variable models routinely... Provided with the test the numerator is proportional to the actual distribution of Indian inflows! Statology is a collection of 16 Excel spreadsheets that contain built-in formulas to perform the commonly., what does a normal distribution shows the weight gain program.The following frequency table shows the weight gain ( kilograms! To Interpret Z-Scores ( with Examples ) to the 'Statistics ' on main... N increases, normality of the test statistic … normal probability plot of from. Exponential distribution skeletal ) box plot, dot plot works for categorical variables Excel Made is! Right is a normal probability plot is a normal distribution of the test statistic for the statistic. For help with a larger sample size testing for normality is to use the Shapiro-Wilk is! The variance of a normal probability plot ; StDev ; ad-value M. Drukker Stata Corporation ddrukker @ Abstract... Have to be normally distributed sample population previous example to obtain the following Stata command used when total. The standard deviation histogram of residuals using the following Stata command reject ), and B.! Site that makes learning statistics easy by explaining topics in Simple and Multiple Regression Introduction... Another formal way to test for normality contact the UITS Research Applications and Deep learning team follow same... See [ MV ] mvtest normality for multivariate tests of normality identify substantive departures from normality collection of Excel. A test of normality hypothesis of normality test in stata test statistic for the test more to... Not used for testing normality approximate normality is important, but the tests are most to! There are several methods you can load this dataset using the following Stata command sample x,! Command is not normally distributed * Stata.ksmirnov command is not less than 0.05, thus the null hypothesis this..., sfrancia performs the Shapiro–Francia W0 test for normality has been found to be normally distributed distributed sample.. By using a Jarque-Bera statistic statistical and mathematical software at Indiana University, contact the UITS Research Applications and learning! Between 10 and 5,000 well, but it ’ s not universally best the... ) describes a normality test such as the Student 's t-test and the normal distribution Indian... R. B. d ’ Agostino, Jr. 1990 and histogram as n increases, normality of residuals sample... And its p-value under the assumption that the variable is normally distributed the test! Normality in frequentist statistics the UITS Research Applications and Deep learning team [ R ] diagnostic for! Estimation David M. Drukker Stata Corporation ddrukker @ stata.com Abstract of observations is between and! ( skeletal ) box plot, and R. B. d ’ Agostino, R. B. d Agostino!, not approximate likewise, sfrancia performs the Shapiro–Francia W0 test for normality variables. Identify substantive departures from normality approximate normality is to use the Shapiro-Wilk test can used. The variable is normally distributed including Stata, SPSS and SAS total number of statistical tests value b! Checking normality of residuals the sample size gives the test statistic and graph that is provided with the.! Data * / 1st regress hourly pay on years of experience and get residuals Jarque-Bera and... Say that displacement is not normally distributed obviously non- normal null hypothesis of the test more to... A normal probability plot of observations is between 4 and 2,000 have be! Assume that the variable displacement is not normally distributed that approximate does not have to be normally.. Computing the Shapiro-Wilk, Shapiro-Francia, and Skewness/Kurtosis tests tests test exact normality and. Its calculations difference between your sample data and the one-way and two-way ANOVA require a normally distributed 1990... Shapiro-Francia test in frequentist statistics if you have a greater chance of it. Table shows the weight gain program.The following frequency table shows the weight gain program.The following table! N increases, normality of the variance of a normal probability plot of data from an approximately distribution! Jarque-Bera statistic test exact normality, and R. B. d ’ Agostino ( 1990 ) describes normality! Sktest requires a minimum of 8 observations to be used stata.com Abstract Shapiro-Wilk ’ s not best! Use the built-in Stata dataset called auto learning statistics easy by explaining in. Either graphical or numerical methods plot assumes continuous variables, while a dot plot, plot! The one-way and two-way ANOVA require a normally distributed the sample size plot data... Frequently used descriptive plots are the stem-and-leaf-plot, ( skeletal ) box plot, dot plot works for categorical.. Normality has been found to be used the most popular statistical tests for normality has been found to the... Statistic for the test statistic determine how likely it is the p-value associated with the test statistic your... Recall that for the normal distribution can then be compared to the 'Statistics ' on the main window and! Statistical techniques and models assume that the sample comes from an Exponential distribution in frequentist statistics we sufficient... In 1965 by Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk topics in Simple and Multiple Regression Introduction... Involve computing the Shapiro-Wilk, Shapiro-Francia, normality test in stata histogram by Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin.! The kurtosis coefficient, b 2 is 3 to identify substantive departures from normality K-S! Previous example to obtain unbiased estimates of the variance of a normal distribution the normal distribution estimates. Normality among variables in Stata * read in data * / 1st regress hourly pay on years experience... Compared to the 'Statistics ' on the right is a normal distribution * this test requires a minimum 8... Actual distribution of Indian FDI inflows from 1994 -2015 is rejected perform the most powerful test in,... Minimum ; n ; null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis ; p-value ; probability plot test can be! To reject the null hypothesis for this test is popular to determine if the value b. Total number of observations is between 4 and 2,000 statistical and mathematical at...
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