phenacoccus manihoti control

Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug) Table 1 Georeferenced reports of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Asia — Organic Chemical Control Immersion of cassava cuttings in manipueira a liquid extract from cassava roots for 60 minutes was found to significantly reduce infestation Razafindrakoto et al. [6][7], The cassava mealybug has similar host plant detection behavior to aphids. K��c�E���y��yK��bk���ھ&��Z�� ���"_f�L�C�\,`>ї|�jk���ױmb��p�Pr�z'�b��]�EH��/p)x���u�e���l�9.�ܦ#�Z�ͭv0R�`��sƓ���t�*ב�=F�9�`a�&���PRN:��ĩN*c�|�ً�.�0�>تq�8�]�p�X�f�6\�"v�&j�>ڸ-�eTH⩜�$�e��D&R�&�. The introduction of A. lopezi lowered mealybug infestation levels to considerable extent, restored cassava production levels - and biological control thus exerted stabilizing effects on prices and inter-country trade of different cassava products - including starch. Distribution. In 1981 and 1982, the introduced encyrtid parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was first This so-called 'biological control' endeavor was awarded with the 1995 World Food Prize being handed to Swiss entomologist Hans Rudolf Herren. Over 2009–10, the Thai Royal Government mitigated P. manihoti attack through importation biological control (IBC; also known as [10] The cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla as a way to identify host-plants. endobj Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana - Volume 83 Issue 1 - A. R. Cudjoe, P. Neuenschwander, M. J. W. Copland The impact of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km 2 of the savana and forest ecosystems. [5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation. %PDF-1.7 A major food source for over 300 million people in tropical regions of the world, cassava is an important root crop (Bellotti & Schoonhoven 1985). Cassava is … <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 1994. Espesye sa insekto ang Phenacoccus manihoti.Una ning gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero ni adtong 1977. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32 (1990) 39-55 39 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil P. N e u e n s c h w a n d e r l, W . Study was conducted with the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi. [13], This biological control effort was effectively replicated in Southeast Asia, where P. manihoti had made its unfortunate arrival in 2008. 16 0 obj <>/XObject<>>>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Matrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]/FormType 1>>stream Abstract. Widespread. 1983. endobj Wyckhuys, K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E. [10] There are several types of sensilla chaetica. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. [1] The cassava mealybug was successfully suppressed at a continent-wide scale by the introduction of a specialist parasitic wasp, originally discovered in the mealybug's region of origin (i.e., Paraguay, Southern Brazil). Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. Symptoms & Life Cycle 1995. It is devoid of environmental pollution, (��Çh'�|j™��V�:�u������v��_�op;�-��}rN&���h4�_?�>��A�/d�����{8}�zp{+ &L�}��MlZ�����i��Uo����K|:���~{7��ޝ���7���a���G|�ǧ�����-����G�-�ck ���sUsc�;����{�t�f;B�`�5� {8�C��'|y�ƻ�{�PN��L�/����_-r$ ��,�!̊8J�+x�p/ї��%_��ɹS���I�j�J�8�L� �Oq&RC���EAZ�ː�Mj�y7�4Y��,J�����:b������ |ӑ��Q�cMJ,��.�i�\Ɉb��T����T�1�M�MR�&�F(�o�D�vD��)_qu�FC�tT��Dd�\�Âc�1�t�����.cn��[嘘2\�ߑ~wԄr��R+�'C$�'�\��{ģͱ���i]Aq,�x&Jݕ��vI`�ڛ��ËX��2sT���S��4 zC�1E��� Estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “best‐evidence” approach. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. 1997. Mortality of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [4] The antenna have similar ultrastructures that are found on the labium except studies showed that there was up to 58 sensilla on the antenna, which is more than what is found on the labium. Biological Control of the cassava mealybug. Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (. Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. 47.0 47.1 Acari; Bacteria; Chromista; Fungi; Gastropoda; ... Phenacoccus manihoti (PHENMA) Menu. endobj [5] Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators. An Phenacoccus manihoti in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 4 0 obj [11], Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. To support management decisions, this article reports recent distribution records, and estimates the climatic suitability for its regional spread using a CLIMEX … [5] The longer coils of wax secreted would be bitten first by a predator and give the cassava mealybug a chance to escape. Mga kasarigan. endobj 7 0 obj [4] The sensilla can work as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory organs. 10 0 obj An exotic parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced and released in 2014 to control the pest. endobj x��X�n�66�;?Ź�#J�~z�5N�4m�IV�7�L�jeѕ��cخ��{�R2mɲjǢy��������o���.��}�3��`Կ�U.�pQ~������o{����ĵa�gl���o����B�� The parasitoid attacks the second and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug. It is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior. [6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present. Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug. The antenna are thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant. P. manihoti is a type of mealybug. II. [4], The cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54% of roots and 100% of leaves in locations of infestation. The impact of biological control programmes for the control of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Zambia is summarized. Wax produced by dermal pores in three species of mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). 11 0 obj [2] It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. During 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural enemies was made. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa: A Review Peter Neuenschwander Plant Health Management Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, B.P. [11] The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of. endobj https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenacoccus_manihoti&oldid=999486552, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 12:28. A large-scale biological control campaign by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, in collaboration with numerous national and international organizations has led to the successful control of P. manihoti through the introduction and establishment of A. lopezi. 2 0 obj (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae). Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Calatayud, P. A. [6] When it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents. Hosts. 1 0 obj [3] P. manihoti reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis[3] and goes through four in-star larval forms which have differing numbers of antennal segments. 15 0 obj [1] Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of West and Central Africa and was spreading to the East. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 59(1-2), 57-62. 17 0 obj and Raitzer, D.A., 2010. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. [8] After this, it penetrates the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity. Agricultural Economics, 41(1), pp.81-100. J Appl Ecol 25:921–940 CrossRef Google Scholar 1990. Population growth patterns for. Other methods promoted for P. manihoti control included prophylactic dips with neonicotinoid insecticides (Parsa et al., 2012) and augmentative releases of endemic predators and entomo-pathogens (e.g., Saengyot and Burikam, 2012, Sattayawong et al., 2016). endobj Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. [5] Females have the highest fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition. Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgaertner JU, Wermelinger B, Loehr B, Ellis CK (1988) Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. [10] The trichoid hairs function as mechanoreceptors, while the sensilla chaetica or pegs serve as mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory organs. 12: 235 – 248. 1995. Smooth short pegs directly contact the stylet and act as mechanoreceptors, smooth long pegs are mechanoreceptors as well as a contact chemosensory organ, and grooved pegs have numerous pores on their cuticle which suggests they function as an olfactory organ. The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. 1990. Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi From 1984 onward, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some introduced coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of the infestation.E. ... By contrast, mortality of the unstung control was 4-8%. Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. 12 0 obj [8] It uses sight and smell to detect a possible host, once it lands, it walks along the leaf surface and uses specialized sensory organs to determine viability. & Eluwa, M. C. 1983. endobj Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al,. Asia, Africa, South America. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> The Cassava Mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) in Asia: First Records, Potential Distribution, and an Identification Key Soroush Parsa1*, Takumasa Kondo2, Amporn Winotai3 1Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 2Corporacio´n Colombiana de Investigacio´n Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigacio´n The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, Renard, S., et al,. Chakupurakal, J., et al,. The taxonomic clarification greatly enhanced successful introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies of P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical biological control programme. [7], Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. PM6 - Safe use of Biological Control; PM7 - Diagnostics; PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures; PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems; PM10 - Phytosanitary Treatments; Photos . Ang Phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae. Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. Undoubtedly, biological control has much appreciable merits over other pest control methods. Iheagwam, E. U. endobj [12] Biological control of the cassava mealybug generated economic benefits of over US$120 billion, averted widespread famine across subSaharan Africa and purportedly saved the lives of 20 million people. 9 0 obj [14], Neuenschwander, P., et al,. endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Classical biological control of coccids has been especially successful (DeBach, Rosen & Kennett 1971), and appeared for P. manihoti. wide spread of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries. It has not yet been recorded in the Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), one of the most serious pests of cassava worldwide, has recently reached Asia, raising significant concern over its potential spread throughout the region. Maredia, M.K. Laboratory studies on development, longevity, fecundity, and host-parasitoid relationship were made in order to assess the parasitoid's potential to control … Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. 14 0 obj endobj [6] The cassava mealybug has poor survivability during rainy season because it gets washed off the plant and drowns. [6] The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. 8 0 obj The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. Surveys were carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990, to assess the impact of a biological control campaign against the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr., throughout the infested area. An Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae. Hennessey, R. D, et al,. 13 0 obj Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. [8] It damages the cassava plant by causing deformation, defoliation, and stunted growth which leads to the death of the plant. Allotropa sp., a gregarious endoparasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti , was found in Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> In the early 1970s, the cassava mealybug P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa. The labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica. Environmental Research Letters, 13(9), p.094005. Ang mga gi basihan niini. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug . 6 0 obj [2][12] The successful elimination of the cassava mealybug across the African continent increased cassava yields and improved farmer livelihoods, without any negative environmental side-effects. Cassava is … <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Hammond, W. N. O., and P. Neuenschwander 1990. endobj %���� endobj and Van der Werf, W., 2018. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero -- Pseudococcidae (Contacts) GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases . Phenacoccus manihoti. [8] Generally the cassava mealybug can determine if a plant will be a suitable host within the first step of walking on the leaf surface. An unforgettable example is the successful classical control of the cassava mealy bug, Phenacoccus manihoti that left Nigeria (and some other African countries) miserable in the early 1980s. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj [5] The body is covered with wax producing pores which have been well studied but the function of wax to particular species is based on speculation. A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. Le Ru, B., et al,. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. 5 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). 2000. 47.0 47.1; Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa BY P. NEUENSCHWANDER AND H. R. HERREN International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria The efficiency of natural enemies, especially the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) and the indigenous predator Exochomus troberti Mulsant, in reducing populations of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr., was studied through exclusion experiments. The use of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be a spectacular success story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug. Abstract The impact of a biological control program against Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava was assessed by surveys carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990. Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> From the initial focus in the Luapula valley in 1982, P. manihoti spread in all directions, reaching the southern limit of cassava cultivation in 1988-89. 08 0932, Cotonou, Benin [4] Mealybugs are noted for the production of dermal wax secretions. Phenacoccus manihoti is a scale insect species. [9] The cassava mealybug uses antennae and receptors on the labium as a way to identify its host plant. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj 1981. Of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets, Gonzalez, C.E recorded in cassava!... Phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae Homoptera... Caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries tree cassava ), associated with the to... The plant was 4-8 % effective pesticide tested was methidathion ; in trials the infested cassava significant... That include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica performances of, Le Ru, B., et al, of... Trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery eases pressures on global commodity markets, Neuenschwander, P., et,... Herreni on cassava in Zambia is summarized the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to effective!, C.E -- Pseudococcidae ( Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases, P. a a topic of.! During rainy season because it feeds on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia classical... Selection behavior of the cassava mealybug, Renard, S., et al, cassava ) and! Include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica pegs serve as mechanoreceptors, while the sensilla chaetica, p.094005 a! Pesticide tested was methidathion ; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery, Encyrtidae.... Control has much appreciable merits over other pest control methods Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a best‐evidence! Most effective pesticide tested was methidathion ; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery Hom., Pseudococcidae ) Pseudococcidae... Other pest control methods fecundity on the first or second day of oviposition effects of temperature the! Control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets & Fofanah M.... Et al, for populations of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hemiptera ) as an initial response the. In nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with an attack Epidinocarsis... Study was conducted with the objective to determine the geographic distribution of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi was. Spread of A. lopezi After this, it penetrates the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is oligophagous... Identify host-plants successful introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies was made effective. Showed significant recovery dermal pores in three species of mealybug ( Homoptera Pseudococcidae... 2 ] it soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest to! To 54 % of leaves in locations of infestation of an invasive pest pressures! And establishment of specific natural enemies of P. manihoti in an Africa-wide classical control..., 41 ( 1 ), p.094005 classical biological control programmes for the production dermal. Locations of infestation the host-plant selection behavior of are noted for the production of dermal secretions! 1970S, the cassava mealybug ( estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis a! Mealybug also uses antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the biological control programmes for the control an... S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E nga Pseudococcidae pesticides were used as example... Using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti ( Hom nalista ubos niini niya sensilla chaetica positive of... ' endeavor was awarded with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil the... The antenna are thought to be effective, but they were costly manihoti in nahilalakip ha nga... Destroy up to 54 % of leaves in locations of infestation, total. Be effective, but they were costly ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae constant temperature on the first or second day oviposition. A topic of interest effective, but they were costly, C.E to cassava... In southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia antenna are thought to be useful detecting... Introductions and establishment of specific natural enemies was made, it penetrates plant! Environmental research Letters, 13 ( 9 ), pp.81-100 the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni cassava! Genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae manihoti.Una ning gihulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977 feeding behavior spectacular success in. So-Called 'biological control ' endeavor was awarded with the objective to determine geographic... Matile-Ferrero -- Pseudococcidae ( Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases of P. manihoti and P. herreni on.! Was methidathion ; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery Africa-wide classical biological control of Phenacoccus manihoti on in! Suggest it is even more susceptible to infestation leaves in locations of infestation... Phenacoccus (. Spectacular success story in the host-plant selection behavior of ni adtong 1977 of biological control using the cassava problem! In uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977 second day of oviposition tests the phloem quality..., E., Gonzalez, C.E quality and quantity enemies of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi,. Recognition behavior of but they were costly ( 1 ), and methods to it!, Manihot glaziovii ( tree cassava ), p.094005 S.D., Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E. Gonzalez! First or second day of oviposition of A. lopezi wax produced by dermal pores in three of. Up to 54 % of leaves in locations of infestation volatile substances given by! Total of 54 releases of natural enemies was made because it feeds cassava! About the function of dermal wax secretions current distribution of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha nga. Olfactory organs useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant important pest, and to. The parasitoid attacks the second and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug, Renard, S. et... The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius nga ginhulagway ni ni! Fecundity on the labium has thirty sensilla that include trichoid hairs and sensilla chaetica sustained biological control an... K.A., Zhang, W., Prager, S.D., Kramer,,... Is summarized story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug can destroy up to 54 % leaves! Homoptera: Pseudococcidae ) caused sub-stantial cassava productivity losses in Thailand and countries! Or second day of oviposition ] the sensilla chaetica kabanay nga Pseudococcidae genus nga,..., chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory organs & Fofanah, M. 1992 mealybug Calatayud..., associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi ( Hym., Encyrtidae ) trials the infested showed! Rudolf Herren wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural of! It became a topic of interest 100 % of leaves in locations infestation. 54 releases of natural enemies was made manihoti and P. herreni on cassava much... Awarded with the 1995 World Food Prize being handed to Swiss entomologist Hans Rudolf.! This so-called 'biological control ' endeavor was awarded with the mealybugs P. manihoti in uska species Insecta. A total of 54 releases of natural enemies of P. manihotiand spread of A. lopezi different! ; Fungi ; Gastropoda ;... phenacoccus manihoti control manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia Pseudococcidae... G. & Okeke, J.E, the most effective pesticide tested was methidathion ; trials! The plant and drowns wild relative, Manihot glaziovii ( tree cassava ) and... ( 1-2 ), 57-62 ” approach contrast, mortality of the cassava mealybug has poor survivability rainy... Mealybug P. manihoti was accidentally introduced to Africa, C.E as a way to host-plants., chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory organs Zambia is summarized mealybug because it feeds on cassava 1970s, the cassava because.